Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. Python divides the operators into the following groups.

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1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations.

Operator	Name	Example
+	Addition	x + y
-	Subtraction	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division	x / y
%	Modulus (Remainder)	x % y
**	Exponentiation	x ** y
//	Floor division	x // y

x = 10
y = 3
print(x % y)  # Outputs 1 (10 divided by 3 has a remainder of 1)
print(x ** y) # Outputs 1000 (10 to the power of 3)

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2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Example	Same As
=	x = 5	x = 5
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 3	x = x - 3
*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
/=	x /= 3	x = x / 3

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3. Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values. They return True or False.

• == (Equal)
• != (Not equal)
• > (Greater than)
• < (Less than)
• >= (Greater than or equal to)
• <= (Less than or equal to)

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4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Operator	Description	Example
and	Returns True if both statements are true	x < 5 and x < 10
or	Returns True if one of the statements is true	x < 5 or x < 4
not	Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true	not(x < 5 and x < 10)

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5. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location.

Operator	Description	Example
is	Returns True if both variables are the same object	x is y
is not	Returns True if both variables are not the same object	x is not y

x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z = x

print(x is z) # True, because z is the same object as x
print(x is y) # False, because x is not the same object as y, even if they have the same content
print(x == y) # True, because == checks content equality

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6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object.

Operator	Description	Example
in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object	x in y
not in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object	x not in y

x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("banana" in x) # True

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7. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers. These are more advanced and used in lower-level logic processing.

• & (AND): Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
• | (OR): Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
• ^ (XOR): Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
• ~ (NOT): Inverts all the bits
• << (Zero fill left shift): Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off
• >> (Signed right shift): Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off