Python has a set of built-in math functions, including an extensive math module, that allows you to perform mathematical tasks on numbers.

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1. Built-in math functions

You can perform basic math operations without importing any modules.

• min() and max(): Can be used to find the lowest or highest value in an iterable.

  x = min(5, 10, 25)
  y = max(5, 10, 25)

• abs(): Returns the absolute (positive) value of the specified number.

  x = abs(-7.25) # Returns 7.25

• pow(): Returns the value of x to the power of y (x^y).

  x = pow(4, 3) # 4 * 4 * 4 = 64

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2. math module

Python has also a built-in module called math, which extends the list of mathematical functions.

To use it, you must import the math module:

import math

Common math module functions:

• math.sqrt(): Returns the square root of a number.

  x = math.sqrt(64) # 8.0

• math.ceil(): Rounds a number upwards to its nearest integer.

  x = math.ceil(1.4) # 2

• math.floor(): Rounds a number downwards to its nearest integer.

  x = math.floor(1.4) # 1

• math.pi: A constant that returns the value of PI (3.14159…).

  x = math.pi

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3. cmath for complex numbers

The standard math module cannot process complex numbers (numbers with a j imaginary component). For complex numbers, Python provides the cmath module.

import cmath

# Create a complex number
z = 2 + 3j

# Get the phase (angle) of a complex number
print(cmath.phase(z))

# Polar coordinates
print(cmath.polar(z))

The cmath module contains complex-compatible versions of functions like sqrt(), exp(), sin(), cos(), etc.